NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION

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UPSC SOCIOLOGY MAINS – PAPER 2 – PART C – Programmes of Rural Development, Poverty Alleviation Schemes.
 
GS 2 MAINS – Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions, and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
 
 
INTRODUCTION
  • NRHM seeks to provide equitable, affordable, and quality health care to the rural population, especially the vulnerable groups.
  • Under the NRHM, the Empowered Action Group (EAG) States, as well as the North Eastern States, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, have been given special focus.
  • The thrust of the mission is on establishing a fully functional, community-owned, decentralized health delivery system with inter-sectoral convergence at all levels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants of health such as water, sanitation, education, nutrition, social and gender equality. 
  • NRHM focuses on Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Adolescent (RMNCH+A) Services.
  • The emphasis here is on strategies for improving maternal and child health through a continuum of care and the life cycle approach.
  • It recognises the inextricable linkages between adolescent health, family planning, maternal health and child survival. Moreover, the linking of community and facility-based care and strengthening referrals between various levels of health care system to create a continuous care pathway is also to be focussed.
 
 
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • At the National level, the NHM has a Mission Steering Group (MSG) headed by the Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare and an Empowered Programme Committee (EPC) headed by the Union Secretary for Health & FW. The EPC will implement the Mission under the overall guidance of the MSG.
  • At the State level, the Mission would function under the overall guidance of the State Health Mission headed by the Chief Minister of the State. The functions under the Mission would be carried out through the State Health & Family Welfare Society.

 

STRATEGIES – NRHM

  • Train and enhance capacity of Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) to own, control and manage public health services.
  • Promote access to improved healthcare at household level through the female health activist (ASHA).
  • Health Plan for each village through Village Health Committee of the Panchayat.Preparation and Implementation of an inter – sectoral District Health Plan prepared by the District Health Mission, including drinking water, sanitation & hygiene and nutrition.
  • Integrating vertical Health and Family Welfare programmes at National, State, Block, and District levels.Developing capacities for preventive health care at all levels for promoting healthy life styles, reduction in consumption of tobacco and alcohol etc.
  • Promoting non-profit sector particularly in under-served areas.
  • Promotion of Public Private Partnerships for achieving public health goals.
  • Mainstreaming AYUSH – revitalizing local health traditions.

 

NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION

The National Health Mission (NHM) encompasses its two Sub-Missions, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the newly launched National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). The main programmatic components include Health System Strengthening in rural and urban areas- Reproductive-Maternal- Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A), and Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases. 

Main goals of National Health Mission
 
• Reduce MMR to 1/1000 live births
• Reduce IMR to 25/1000 live births
• Reduce TFR to 2.1
• Prevention and reduction of anemia in women aged 15–49 years
• Prevent and reduce mortality & morbidity from communicable, non- communicable; injuries and emerging diseases
• Reduce household out-of-pocket expenditure on total health care expenditure
 

 

HEALTH INDUSTRY IN INDIA

  • Healthcare has become one of India’s largest sector, both in terms of revenue and employment. Healthcare comprises hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing, telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance and medical equipment.
  • Indian healthcare delivery system is categorised into two major components  public and private. The Government, i.e. public healthcare system, comprises limited secondary and tertiary care institutions in key cities and focuses on providing basic healthcare facilities in the form of primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in rural areas.
  • The healthcare market can increase three-fold to Rs. 8.6 trillion (US$ 133.44 billion) by 2022. In Budget 2021, India’s public expenditure on healthcare stood at 1.2% as a percentage of the GDP.